My work has focused on race and labor. I have studied and taught courses on social inequality and the efforts to counter it. I have examined the formation of trade unions. I have focused on race and racism, examining its origins in European imperialism, and the construction of labor regimes (including New World slavery), which have divided white workers from workers of color. I wrote a widely cited series of articles on “the split labor market,” which examined racial division in the working class. I have been concerned with efforts by workers of color to combat the super-exploitation of their employers, as well as the discrimination and hostility of white workers and their unions.