Module 1: Income Inequality
The Takeoff in Income Inequality: Emmanuel Saez
Top 10% Pre-Tax Income Share in the U.S. - Thomas Picketty and Emmanuel Saez, "Income Inequality in the United States, 1913-1998," Quarterly Journal of Economics 118:1 (2003) (tables and figures updated to 2015 in Excel format, June 2016, see figure 1)
Top Marginal Tax Rate - Thomas Piketty, Emmanuel Saez, and Stefanie Stantcheva, "Optimal Taxation of Top Labor Incomes: A Tale of Three Elasticities," American Economic Journal: Economic Policy 6:1 (2014) (slides, see slide 22)
Top 10% Pre-Tax Income Share in the U.S. Accruing to Each Group - Thomas Picketty and Emmanuel Saez, "Income Inequality in the United States, 1913-1998," Quarterly Journal of Economics 118:1 (2003) (tables and figures updated to 2015 in Excel format, June 2016, see figure 2)
Increase in Real Income - Thomas Picketty and Emmanuel Saez, "Income Inequality in the United States, 1913-1998," Quarterly Journal of Economics, 118:1 (2003) (tables and figures updated to 2015 in Excel format, June 2016, see figure A1)
The Race Between Education and Technology: Lawrence Katz
Mean Years of Schooling - Claudia Goldin and Lawrence F. Katz, "Long-Run Changes in the Wage Structure: Narrowing, Widening, Polarizing," Brookings Papers on Economic Activity 38:2 (2007) (figure 7)
Wage Premiums - Claudia Goldin and Lawrence F. Katz, "Long-Run Changes in the Wage Structure: Narrowing, Widening, Polarizing," Brookings Papers on Economic Activity 38:2 (2007) (figure 6)
Deunionization: Bruce Western
Unionization Rates - Bruce Western and Jake Rosenfeld, "Unions, Norms, and the Risein U.S. Wage Inequality," American Sociological Review 76:4 (2011) (figure 2)
Wage Inequality Between Groups - Bruce Western and Jake Rosenfeld, "Unions, Norms, and the Risein U.S. Wage Inequality," American Sociological Review 76:4 (2011) (figure 1)
Wage Inequality Within Groups - Bruce Western and Jake Rosenfeld, "Unions, Norms, and the Risein U.S. Wage Inequality," American Sociological Review 76:4 (2011) (figure 1)
How Much Inequality Is Too Much?: Richard Freeman
Maze Experiment - Richard B. Freeman and Alexander M. Gelber, "Prize Structure and Information in Tournaments: Experimental Evidence," American Economic Journal: Applied Economics 2:1 (2010) (table 1)
Module 2: The Experience of Poverty
Official Poverty Measure - Carmen DeNavas-Walt and Bernadette D. Proctor, "Income and Poverty in the United States: 2014," Current Population Reports (2015) (figure 4)
Supplemental Poverty Measure - Christopher Wimer, Liana Fox, Irv Garfinkel, Neeraj Kaushal, and Jane Waldfogel, "Trends in Poverty with an Anchored Supplemental Poverty Measure" (2013) (figure 2)
U.S. Poverty in Perspective: Sheldon Danziger
Median Earnings - Full-Time, Year-Round Workers by Median Earnings and Sex, Table P-38, Census Bureau
Percentage Living in Poor Households - Janet C. Gornick and Markus Jäntti, "Child poverty in cross-national perspective: Lessons from the Luxembourg Income Study," Children and Youth Services Review 34 (2012) (table 1)
Unequal Childhoods: Annette Lareau
What Americans Believe - Rakesh Kochhar and Rich Morin, "Despite recovery, fewer Americans identify as middle class," Pew Research Center (January 27, 2014)
Unstable Housing: Matthew Desmond
Percent of Income Spent on Housing - Matthew Desmond, "Unaffordable America: Poverty, housing, and eviction," Fast Focus 22, Institute for Research on Poverty (2015) (figure 1)
Eviction Rates by Neighborhood Racial Composition - Matthew Desmond, "Eviction and the Reproduction of Urban Poverty," American Journal of Sociology 118: 1 (2012) (table 2)
Module 3: The Causes of Poverty
Official Poverty Measure - Carmen DeNavas-Walt and Bernadette D. Proctor, "Income and Poverty in the United States: 2014," Current Population Reports (2015) (figure 4)
Supplemental Poverty Measure - Christopher Wimer, Liana Fox, Irv Garfinkel, Neeraj Kaushal, and Jane Waldfogel, "Trends in Poverty with an Anchored Supplemental Poverty Measure" (2013) (figure 2)
Early Childhood Intervention: James Heckman
Perry Preschool Project: Outcomes at 27 Years Old - Lawrence J. Schweinhart, "Benefits, Costs, and Explanation of the High/Scope Perry Preschool Program," Paper presented at the Meeting of the Society for Research in Child Development, Tampa, Florida, April 26, 2003 (page 10)
Neighborhoods and Multi-Generational Effects: Patrick Sharkey
% of Impoverished Multi-Generation Parent/Child Pairs - Patrick Sharkey, "The Intergenerational Transmission of Context," American Journal of Sociology 113:4 (2008) (table 4)
% of Individuals in a Poor Neighborhood Whose Parent Was Also Raised in a Poor Neighborhood - Patrick Sharkey, "Urban Neighborhoods and the Persistence of Racial Inequality" (presentation, USC Sol Price Center for Social Innovation, February 17, 2015)
Raw Scores on Broad Reading Skills Test - Patrick Sharkey, Stuck in Place: Urban Neighborhoods and the End of Progress toward Racial Equality (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2013) (page 110)
Labor Markets and Recession: Ann Stevens
Entry into Poverty - Ann Huff Stevens, "Transitions into & out of Poverty in the United States," UC-Davis Policy Brief
Average Annual Father's Income - Ann Huff Stevens, "Labor Market Shocks: Are There Lessons for Antipoverty Policy," Pathways Magazine (2014) (figure 1)
Module 4: Educational Access
The Rise in the Income Achievement Gap: Sean Reardon
Income Gap in Reading Test Scores - Sean F. Reardon, "The Widening Academic Achievement Gap Between the Rich and the Poor:New Evidence and Possible Explanations," in Whither Opportunity? Rising Inequality, Schools, and Children's Life Chances, edited by Greg J. Duncan and Richard J. Murnane (New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 2011) (figure 1)
Gaps in Educational Attainment: Richard Breen
Student Math Scores - "PISA 2012 Results: What Students Know and Can Do: Student Performance in Mathematics, Reading and Science" (Volume I) [Revised edition February 2014] (table 1A)
Psychological Intervention: Carol Dweck
Effect of Students' Mindset on Math Grades - Lisa S. Blackwell, Kali H. Trzesniewski, and Carol Sorich Dweck, "Implicit Theories of Intelligence Predict Achievement Across an AdolescentTransition: A Longitudinal Study and an Intervention," Child Development 78:1 (2007)
Effect of Mindset Workshop on Math Grades - Lisa S. Blackwell, Kali H. Trzesniewski, and Carol Sorich Dweck, "Implicit Theories of Intelligence Predict Achievement Across an AdolescentTransition: A Longitudinal Study and an Intervention," Child Development 78:1 (2007) (figure 3)
Module 5: Educational Outcomes
What Influences Student Learning?: Richard Arum
Is There a Pay-Off to For-Profit Colleges?: David Harding
Degree Completion Rates - D. Diego Torres, Jane Rochmes, and David J. Harding. “Enrollment and Degree Completion at For-Profit Colleges versus Traditional Institutions.” In For-Profit U: The Growing Role of For-Profit Colleges in Higher Education, edited by Tressie M. Cottom and W. Darity Jr. Palgrave Macmillan (forthcoming)
Module 6 - Social Mobility and Jobs
Current Trends in Social Mobility: Raj Chetty
Child vs. Parent Income - Raj Chetty, Nathaniel Hendren, Patrick Kline, Emmanuel Saez, and Nicholas Turner, "Is the United States Still a Land of Opportunity? Recent Trends in Intergenerational Mobility," NBER Working Paper No. 19844 (2014) (figure 1)
Mobility Map - Raj Chetty, Nathaniel Hendren, Patrick Kline, and Emmanuel Saez, "Economic Mobility," State of the States, Pathways Magazine (2015) (figure 5)
The Great Risk Shift: Jacob Hacker
Workplace Coverage for Recent College Graduates - Share of recent college graduates with employer health/pension coverage, 1979–2010, State of Working America
Economic Security Index - Economic Security Index
Module 7: Gender Inequality
The Stall in Gender Equality: Paula England
Segregation of College Majors - Paula England, "The Gender Revolution: Uneven and Stalled," Gender & Society 24:2 (2010) (figure 2)
% of Men and Women Employed - Authors' calculations from Current Population Survey (CPS) data provided by the Integrated Public Use Microdata (IPUMS) files
Segregation of Jobs - Ariane Hegewisch, Hannah Liepmann, Jeffrey Hayes, and Heidi Hartmann , "Separate and Not Equal? Gender Segregation inthe Labor Market and the Gender Wage Gap," Institute for Women's Policy Research Briefing Paper C377 (2010) (figure 3)
Gender Earnings Gap - "The Gender Wage Gap: 2009," Institute for Women's Policy Research Fact Sheet #C350 (2010)
Gender Discrimination in the Labor Market: Cecilia Rouse
Proportion Female in Big 5 Orchestras - Claudia Goldin and Cecilia Rouse, "Orchestrating Impartiality: The Impact of “Blind” Auditions on Female Musicians," The American Economic Review 90:4 (2000) (figure 1)
Do Women Opt Out of the Labor Force?: Christine Percheski
Full-Time Employment Rate - Christine Percheski, "Opting Out? Cohort Differences inProfessional Women’s Employment Ratesfrom 1960 to 2005," American Sociological Review 73:3 (2008) (figure 2)
Labor Force Participation - Christine Percheski, "Opting Out? Cohort Differences inProfessional Women’s Employment Ratesfrom 1960 to 2005," American Sociological Review 73:3 (2008) (figure 1)
Employment Rates of Professional Women - Christine Percheski, "Opting Out? Cohort Differences inProfessional Women’s Employment Ratesfrom 1960 to 2005," American Sociological Review 73:3 (2008) (table 3)
Professional Women "Opting Out" of the Work Force - Christine Percheski, "Opting Out? Cohort Differences inProfessional Women’s Employment Ratesfrom 1960 to 2005," American Sociological Review 73:3 (2008) (table 5)
Module 8: Racial and Ethnic Inequality
Segregation in the U.S.: Douglas Massey
Black-White Dissimilairity - Douglas S. Massey, Jonathan Rothwell and Thurston Domina, "The Changing Bases of Segregation in the United States," The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 626: 1 (2009) (figure 1)
Dissimilarity from Non-Hispanic Whites - Douglas S. Massey, Jonathan Rothwell and Thurston Domina, "The Changing Bases of Segregation in the United States," The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 626: 1 (2009) (figure 3)
Race and Incarceration: Becky Pettit
Lifetime Risk of Imprisonment - Becky Pettit and Bruce Western, "Mass Imprisonment and the Life Course: Race and Class Inequality in U.S. Incarceration," American Sociological Review 69 (2004) (table 4); Becky Pettit, Invisible Men: Mass Incarceration and the Myth of Black Progress (New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 2012) (figures)
Race, Employment and a Criminal Record: Devah Pager
Effect of a Criminal Record - Devah Pager, "The Mark of a Criminal Record," American Journal of Sociology 108:5 (2003) (figure 6)
Racial Disparities in Incarceration - Devah Pager, Marked: Race, Crime, and Finding Work in an Era of Mass Incarceration (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2009)
The Social Construction of Race: Aliya Saperstein
Racial Classification - Aliya Saperstein and Andrew M. Penner. “Racial Fluidity and Inequality in the United States.” American Journal of Sociology 118:3 (2012)
Mexican Immigration Replenishment: Tomas Jimenez
% Foreign-Born in U.S. Population - Tomas R. Jimenez, "Mexican Immigrant Replenishment and the Continuing Significance of Ethnicity and Race," American Journal of Sociology 113:6 (2008) (figure 1, updated numbers provided by author)
Immigrant Communities and Social Mobility: Alejandro Portes
Paths of Mobility - Alejandro Portes, Patricia Fernández-Kelly, and William Haller, "The Adaptation of the Immigrant Second Generation in America: Theoretical Overview and Recent Evidence," Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 35:7 (2009) (figure 1)